Cézanne and the Railway (4): His Railway Subjects in Médan, Pontoise, Gardanne, and L’Estaque(by Tomoki Akimaru)

Fig. 1 Paul Cézanne, The Catsle of Médan, c. 1879.

 

As we have seen in the previous sections, Paul Cézanne (1839-1906) painted a railway station in The Ferry at Bonnières (1866), and was the earliest French Impressionist painter to tackle the subject of railways.

In his hometown of Aix-en-Provence, Cézanne used steam trains on a daily basis from his youth, and even rode electric trains in his later years. Reflecting this, from the beginning to the end of his career, he produced a large number of paintings of various railway subjects in Aix-en-Provence, including cuttings, signals, tracks, bridges, and locomotives.

In addition, Cézanne used railways in areas other than Bonnières and Aix-en-Provence, and painted various railway subjects. Here we will look at railway paintings he painted in Médan, Pontoise, Gardanne, and L’Estaque.

 

Fig. 2 Paul Cézanne, The Catsle of Médan, c. 1879.

 

Fig. 3 A photograph of the scene in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2
photographed by Émile Zola
in the late 19th century.

 

Fig. 4 A photograph of the Paris-Le Havre line in front of Zola’s house
photographed by Émile Zola
in the late 19th century.

 

Fig. 5 A photograph of a railway train seen from Zola’s house
photographed by Émile Zola
in the late 19th century.

 

Fig. 6 A self-portrait
photographed by Émile Zola
in the late 19th century.

 

First, Cézanne painted the scenery along the railway line in Médan, a farming village about 25 kilometers from Paris. In fact, the railroad tracks are hidden in his oil painting The Castle of Médan (c. 1879) (Fig. 1) and watercolor The Castle of Médan (c. 1879) (Fig. 2).

These two paintings are believed to have been created around 1879, when Cézanne visited the castle-like mansion that his close friend Émile Zola had purchased in Médan. Interestingly, Zola, a well-known train enthusiast, photographed the steam locomotives speeding by with his hobby camera from this house, which faced the railroad tracks of the Paris-Le Havre line (Fig.3-Fig. 6).

After this visit, Cézanne wrote to Zola on June 23, 1879, noting that he waved to Zola from the moving train as he approached the mansion. To Zola, the train would have looked just like the photo above (Fig. 5).

I arrived without any catastrophe at the station at Triel and my arm, waved across the door as I passed in front of your castle, must have revealed to you my presence in in the train―which I didn’t miss (1).

As can be seen from these, these two paintings, although at first glance they appear to be simple natural scenes, are in fact man-made scenes with steam locomotives passing horizontally across the center of the picture. In other words, the nature represented by trees, bank, and river is contrasted with the train, which embodies modernity despite its absence.

 

Fig. 7 Paul Cézanne, The Bridge and Waterfall at Pontoise, 1881.

 

Fig. 8 A photograph of the scene in Fig. 7.
(photographer and date unknown)

 

Cézanne also painted a railroad bridge in Pontoise, a country town about 30 kilometers from Paris. In fact, in The Bridge and Waterfall at Pontoise (1881) (Fig. 7), a railroad bridge on the Paris-Lille line is visible and hidden.

In this painting, Cézanne depicted the waterfall and bridge of the Oise River, which flows through Pontoise, as parallel lines in the center of the picture. It is clear that the main focus of this work is the figurative interest of these parallel lines.

Noteworthy here is the fact that Cézanne superimposed the pedestrian bridge and the railroad bridge, as can be recognized in the photograph of this site (Fig. 8). In other words, here again, Cézanne contrasts nature and modernity with the pedestrian bridge and the railroad bridge, or with the trees, road, river, waterfall, and absent train.

Furthermore, a letter to Camille Pissarro, dated December 11, 1872, indicates that Cézanne used the train to travel between Pontoise and Auvers-sur-Oise, where he lived at the time.

I take up Lucien’s pen at a time when the train should have been taking me to my Penates. I am telling you in a round-about way that I have missed my train (2).

 

Fig. 9 Paul Cézanne, Gardanne, Old Bridge, 1885-86.

 

Fig. 10 A photograph of the scene in Fig. 8
photographed by Erle Loran
in the late 1920s.

 

Moreover, Cézanne also painted a railway bridge in Gardanne, a neighboring town about 10 kilometers from Aix-en-Provence. In fact, despite the subtitle “Old Bridge” in Gardanne, Old Bridge (1885-86) (Fig. 9), as can be seen from the site photo (Fig. 10), he depicts the railway bridge on the Aix-Marseille line.

Like this, Cézanne’s railway paintings are difficult to recognize at first glance as depicting a railway-related subject, not only from the painting itself but also from the titles. In this case, rather than focusing on the railway bridge, the picture contrasts nature and modernity by juxtaposing the railway bridge with the surrounding trees.

At the time this work was painted, Cézanne frequently visited Gardanne. For example, in a letter to Émile Zola dated August 20, 1885, he told, “I am at Aix and I go to Gardanne every day (3),” and in a letter to Émile Zola dated August 25, 1885, he wrote, “I go to Gardanne every day and in the evening I come back to the country Aix (4).” Considering the time and distance, there is no doubt that Cézanne used the Aix-Marseille line to travel from Aix to Gardanne.

 

Fig. 11 Paul Cézanne, The Bay of Marseille seen from L’Estaque, 1878-79.

 

Fig. 12 A photograph of the scene in Fig. 11
photographed by Keisuke Kumakiri.
(date unknown)

 

And, Cézanne also painted railway scenes at L’Estaque. In fact, it can be seen from the on-site photograph that two of the parallel black lines in the lower right of The Bay of Marseille seen from L’Estaque (1878-79) (Fig. 11) are railway tracks that run through L’Estaque (Fig. 12).

In addition, railway tracks run along the coast of the Bay of Marseille, and there are many railway bridges around L’Estaque (Fig. 13). Cézanne also painted such railway bridge in The Viaduct at L’Estaque (1879-82) (Fig. 14) and The Viaduct at L’Estaque (1882) (Fig. 15).

In these works, too, the railway subject is depicted not explicitly but implicitly, creating a contrast between the abundant nature and hidden modernity.

It is evident from a letter to Émile Zola dated May 24, 1883, that Cézanne’s daily life was closely connected with the steam railway, as he reported that he had rented a house close to the L’Estaque station.

I have rented a little house and garden at l’Estaque just above the station (5).

 

Fig. 13 A railway bridge at L’Estaque
photographed by Ignis
in 2006.

 

Fig. 14 Paul Cézanne, The Viaduct at L’Estaque, 1879-82.

 

Fig. 15 Paul Cézanne, The Viaduct at L’Estaque, 1882.

 

As we have seen, a characteristic of Cezanne’s railway paintings is that to someone who has not actually seen the scene, it is unclear that the railway subject is depicted in the landscape. Furthermore, rather than focusing on the steam railway alone, they show a complex character that contrasts the idyllic nature with the modern era represented by the steam railway.

In terms of forms, although no one has pointed this out before, for example, in The Castles of Médan (Fig. 1) and The Castles of Médan (Fig. 2), the river, banks, and ridgelines that connect the left and right sides of the screen, as well as the brushstrokes that are repeated horizontally – so-called Cézanne’s unique “constructive strokes” – can be said to be influenced by the horizontal movement of the railway train.

 

Notes

(1) Paul Cézanne, Correspondance, recueillie, annotée et préfacée par John Rewald, Paris, 1937; nouvelle édition révisée et augmentée, Paris, 1978; English translated by Marguerite Kay, New York, 1941; new edition revised and enlarged, New York, 1976; First Da Capo Press edition, New York, 1995, p. 180.

(2) Ibid., p. 136.

(3) Ibid., p. 220.

(4) Ibid., p. 221.

(5) Ibid., p. 209.

 

Fig. 3-Fig. 6 were quated from Emile Zola, Photograph, Eine Autobiographie in 480 Bildern, herausgegeben und zusammengestellt von François-Emile Zola und Massin, München: Schirmer/Mosel, 1979.

Fig. 8 was quated from Joachim Pissarro et Claire Durand-Ruel Snollaerts, Pissarro: catalogue critique des peintures, critical catalogue of paintings, tome II, Paris: Skira, 2005.

Fig. 10 was quated from John Rewald, Paul Cézanne: The Watercolors, A Catalogue Raisonné, Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1983.

Fig. 12 was quated from Yasuko Watanabe (ed.), Vivant: 25 painters (10) Cézanne, Kodansya, 1995.

Fig. 13 was quated from Wikipedia (BB-67400 Estaque Marseille FRA 001 – Marseille – Wikipedia)

著者: (AKIMARU Tomoki)

美術評論家・美術史家・美学者・キュレーター。
1997年多摩美術大学美術学部芸術学科卒業、1998年インターメディウム研究所アートセオリー専攻修了、2001年大阪大学大学院文学研究科文化表現論専攻美学文芸学専修修士課程修了、2009年京都芸術大学大学院芸術研究科美術史専攻博士課程単位取得満期退学、2012年京都芸術大学より博士学位(学術)授与。
2013年に博士論文『ポール・セザンヌと蒸気鉄道――近代技術による視覚の変容』(晃洋書房)を出版し、2014年に同書で比較文明学会研究奨励賞(伊東俊太郎賞)受賞。2010年4月から2012年3月まで京都大学こころの未来研究センターで連携研究員として連携研究プロジェクト「近代技術的環境における心性の変容の図像解釈学的研究」の研究代表を務める。2023年に高木慶子・秋丸知貴『グリーフケア・スピリチュアルケアに携わる人達へ』(クリエイツかもがわ・2023年)出版。
主なキュレーションに、現代京都藝苑2015「悲とアニマ——モノ学・感覚価値研究会」展(会場:北野天満宮、会期:2015年3月7日-2015年3月14日)、現代京都藝苑2015「素材と知覚——『もの派』の根源を求めて」展(第1会場:遊狐草舎、第2会場:Impact Hub Kyoto〔虚白院 内〕、会期:2015年3月7日-2015年3月22日)、現代京都藝苑2021「悲とアニマⅡ~いのちの帰趨~」展(第1会場:両足院〔建仁寺塔頭〕、第2会場:The Terminal KYOTO、会期:2021年11月19日-2021年11月28日)、「藤井湧泉——龍花春早 猫虎懶眠」展(第1会場:高台寺、第2会場:圓徳院、第3会場:高台寺掌美術館、会期:2022年3月3日-2022年5月6日)、「水津達大展 蹤跡」(会場:圓徳院〔高台寺塔頭〕、会期:2025年3月14日-2025年5月6日)等。

2010年4月-2012年3月: 京都大学こころの未来研究センター連携研究員
2011年4月-2013年3月: 京都大学地域研究統合情報センター共同研究員
2011年4月-2016年3月: 京都大学こころの未来研究センター共同研究員
2016年4月-: 滋賀医科大学非常勤講師
2017年4月-2024年3月: 上智大学グリーフケア研究所非常勤講師
2020年4月-2023年3月: 上智大学グリーフケア研究所特別研究員
2021年4月-2024年3月: 京都ノートルダム女子大学非常勤講師
2022年4月-: 京都芸術大学非常勤講師

http://tomokiakimaru.web.fc2.com/